Strays

My oldest daughter likes bringing home strays. Sometimes it’s stray people. We’ve had a few of her friends wind up sleeping on our couch for a few days at a time while they were looking for more permanent digs. One young woman, for instance, had been kicked out of her adoptive grandmother’s house with nothing but the clothes on her back; she didn’t even have any identification—like a social security number—making it tough to get a job. My daughter helped her get new ID and ultimately helped reconcile her with her grandmother.

More commonly, my oldest brings home stray animals. Sometimes she gets the other daughters—and even my wife—to conspire in this process. For instance, a cat has been living with us for the past six years thanks to just such a conspiracy. My daughter and her sisters got her from a neighbor as a kitten. They made me look into its eyes. It wasn’t long before the kitten was purring on my lap. And they already knew I was inordinately fond of cats, a common failing among writers. So the cat stayed.

Her name is Halo. She is not named after the Microsoft X-box game; instead she is obliquely named after our previous cat, Angel. We had acquired Angel long before we acquired my children. A more neurotic cat you’d rarely find: terrified of people in general, she spent a good part of her day hiding under the bed. Angel had come from a friend who had married a sergeant in the Air Force who then got orders to go to England. She decided that she didn’t want to take Angel with them. The months of quarantine the poor animal would have had to endure seemed more than her fragile psyche could handle.

So my wife and I agreed to take the cat. Soon, thereafter, shortly after we had acquired the children, we also had a dog: a black Labrador mix that my wife brought home when one of her colleagues at work moved and didn’t want to take the dog—called Bear—with him. My wife’s colleague had been a smoker and Bear died of lung cancer about four years later.

Not long after that, we took in the high school-aged daughter of a couple from our church who were going through some significant problems. She stayed with us until she graduated from high school.

Our current dog is a poodle that my wife got from a dog pound when he was about a year or two old. He’s doing quite well and is completely devoted and attached to my wife.

Okay, so maybe my oldest daughter learned to take in strays because that’s what my wife and I do.

And, in the last month, my oldest daughter happened to notice a stray black cat in the neighborhood of one of her friends. Unusually friendly, the cat also happened to be pregnant. My daughter became concerned about her as the weeks went by and so one day she brought her home and set up a space for her in our garage. My daughter’s hope was that she would stay in her little bed that she had made for her and that she’d have her kittens there. My children, and even my wife, do not know cats all that well, even though we’ve had cats now for decades now. I knew what was going to happen, and of course it did.

When the time came for the mama cat to give birth, she found a place in the garage to hide and had them there. I knew she had given birth when she vanished for long periods of time from her normal bed, only coming out periodically to get food and water. My children and my wife were afraid that the kittens had died because they couldn’t see or hear them.

Of course, one day as we were cleaning the garage, my wife found where the mommy cat had given birth and where she was hiding her kittens. There were four of them. Three black, one dark gray (the mommy cat is a black cat).

So, my wife and oldest daughter moved the mommy cat and kittens to the bed that my daughter had prepared for her. She stayed there with the kittens about twenty-four hours and then promptly hid them again. This happened a couple of times, until the kittens got a bit older.

Now, my oldest daughter has created a larger space in the garage for the mommy cat and her kittens to wander about in; and since it has started getting hot, now she brings them into the house and puts them in one of our bathrooms during the day, returning them to the garage in the evening.

My daughters and my wife have already found likely homes for the four kittens once they get older, and for the mommy, too. I would not be entirely startled, however, if we somehow end up with at least one extra cat. Some strays never go away.

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Pollen and Other Stuff

Pollen season continues to be upon us. March and April are the worst for me, though I suffer all year round. And then, the Powerhouse Fire that started this weekend was devastating for me. The air started smelling of smoke around my house, and the pillars of smoke rose over the nearby mountains signalling the start of something bad. I was mowing my lawn but decided to do only the front. Already I could feel some discomfort from the particulates in the air. In addition to having normal hay-fever, I developed adult onset asthma. It is primarily triggered by pollen, and specifically the pollen of the Mulberry tree.

In any case, I went inside after that and felt okay the rest of the evening. But then at 1:30 AM Sunday I woke up because I couldn’t breathe. If you’ve ever had the wind knocked out of you, then you have a good sense of what it was like. As I grabbed my emergency inhaler (which I always keep nearby), I thought to myself that this would be a really unpleasant way to die. I’ve been told that asthma can kill you. I’d never felt like that was really a possibility until that moment. Thankfully the inhaler worked and my breathing soon returned to normal. It was the worst asthma attack I’ve had in the last ten years. In fact, with my various medications I am mostly symptom free of both hay-fever as well as asthma. But not early Sunday morning. I’ve been just fine, since, thankfully.

Allergies in general are the consequence of having an overly vigilant immune system. Or a stupid one. My immune system attacks harmless visitors with the same vigor it attacks bacteria. On the plus side, I rarely get ill. On the downside, I have a tendency to sneeze like crazy over nothing.

But my allergy medications have been very effective at soothing my overactive immune system. My allergy doctor tested me a few years ago to find out what I’m allergic to. His conclusion was that if it blooms, I’ll sneeze at it. He’s never seen anyone with worse allergies in all his years of treating patients. I always wanted to be top in my field, but that wasn’t quite how I pictured it.

One evening about twelve years ago I was feeling really gloomy, very despondent. I have a tendency toward depression as well as sneezing. Since I was also starting to get the sniffles—it was early March—I took my prescription allergy medication before I went to bed. In the morning, I not only wasn’t sneezing, I wasn’t gloomy anymore. Nothing had changed in my life, however, except taking my allergy pills to relieve my sneezing.

I began wondering at that moment whether there might be a connection between a life long tendency toward depression and my life long severe allergies. After doing a bit of research, I discovered that a link had been noted by doctors between severe allergies and a tendency toward depression, at least in some instances. The connection seems more definite for women than men. However, since I became aware of possibility that my despondency and melancholy might be connected to pollen exposure, I’ve been much more diligent and consistent about taking my allergy medication. My sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes have gone away; I’m essentially symptom free all year long now. Even more significantly, my depression is mostly non-existent now, too.

I’ve also been active in retraining my thoughts. Although eliminating my allergies eliminated the physiological basis for my with my depression, I still had a lifetime’s worth of bad mental habits to overcome. A depressive person has a litany of negative phrases that he will tend to play in his head like a demotivational tape. I had to record new thoughts for myself.

So, I adjusted my behavior. I began exercising more, made a point to get more sleep, and improved my diet. Three years ago I began writing a personal journal every night before I went to bed to recount the events of my day. It has shown me that the good actually outnumbers the bad in my days. To make sure I would keep up the journal, I email a copy of it to my wife and a friend every night. In addition, I regularly read poetry, reread certain passages of the Bible that encourage me, and practice regular prayer, and meditation. All these things have been helpful in correcting a lifetime of bad thought ruts.
The consequence is that I have eliminated my depression nearly entirely. I still have the occasional gloomy moment, but nothing like the pain I used to endure almost constantly.

If you have pollen allergies, Pollen.com is a handy place to visit. Just put in your zip code and you’ll get an idea of how bad the pollen is where you live, as well as what sorts of plants are responsible. You can even get free email alerts. Also, if you have pollen allergies, make an appointment with an allergist, a doctor who specializes in treating allergies. The medications and treatments available today are very effective and lack the side effects that the older medications used to have. There’s no need to “put up with” the discomfort.

If you suffer from depression, you should also make an appointment with your doctor. You wouldn’t imagine that you could “just snap out of it” if you had cancer or a bleeding ulcer. Why do you think depression is any less a medical condition? It is very odd that there is still a stigma attached to things like depression. Many people have a tendency to think that depression is something that you’d overcome if only you were somehow stronger or a better person. That’s nonsense. The fact of the matter is that depression is physiologically based, just as much as diabetes is. You’re not going to just snap out of it. And there are now very effective treatments for depression. Talk to your doctor.

If you have a friend or family member who is suffering from depression, encourage that person to seek medical attention. Offer to take them. If they were having a heart attack you wouldn’t just pat them on the back and tell them to “cheer up” now would you?

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Positronic

The science fiction author Isaac Asimov wrote a series of novels and short stories about robots. Besides inventing the three laws of robotics, he also came up with the idea of the robots having brains running on positrons. He called these positronic brains. In Star Trek, the Next Generation, in homage to Asimov, the android character, Data, played by the actor Brent Spiner, is described as having a positronic brain.

Despite this fictional usage of “positronic,” the positrons that supposedly kept Data functioning are not fictional. They are quite real. What are they? They are the antimatter equivalent of electrons. And yes, despite the use that Star Trek made of antimatter to power its warp engines, antimatter, too, is quite real.

The NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) is funding a team of researchers working on a new design for an antimatter-powered spaceship that makes use of positrons. Why positrons for a spacedrive?

Massive power in a very small space. When antimatter comes into contact with matter, both are annihilated in a flash of energy. It is a complete, one hundred percent conversion of matter into energy, unlike the nuclear reactions of an atom bombs, where only a paltry three percent of the bomb’s total mass is converted to energy. Antimatter-matter reactions are considerably more powerful than any nuclear bomb.
So, while tons of chemical fuel would be needed to propel a human mission to Mars, and hundreds of pounds of nuclear material would be needed for the same trip, just tens of milligrams of antimatter would do the same job. A milligram is very small. A single M&M weighs about one thousand milligrams. Thus, it would take only a tine fraction of an M&M’s worth of antimatter to power a human crewed spaceship to Mars.

Definitely something worth looking into.

Admittedly, there are some problems with antimatter. For instance, most antimatter that has been produced is in the form of antiprotons. When these antiprotons react with matter, the energy releases massive amounts of dangerous gamma rays, which are deadly. Any spaceship using antiprotons for fuel would need a large amount of very heavy shielding in order to protect a human crew from being killed.
That’s where positrons come in. Positrons are anti-electrons, and when they react with matter, they do not produce the levels of deadly gamma radiation anti-protons would. So positrons are safer and save a lot of liftoff weight.

The other, more significant problem with antimatter is the difficulty of making the stuff. To produce enough positrons to power a spaceship to Mars would cost around 250 million dollars.
But put that in perspective. The distance from Earth to Mars is between 36 million and 250 million miles, so that makes the per mile fuel cost for a round trip to Mars somewhere between fifty cents and three and a half dollars. A bit more than current gasoline prices, but not quite as scary sounding.

Of course, the 250 million dollar cost of producing the positron fuel is based on current production methods. One suspects that if some effort were put into it, engineers could find a way to do it for less.

The big advantage of a positron powered spaceship is safety. It reduces the time of travel to Mars by a considerable margin. People could get to Mars could in as short as 45 days (versus 180 days using a nuclear powered ship), thus reducing the exposure of the crew to the debilitating effects of zero gravity. Even better, it would limit the crew’s exposure to deadly radiation from the sun (radiation that our atmosphere mostly shields us from on Earth, aside from the possibility of sunburn). Also, the positron powered ship would not have any radioactive waste products to worry about, unlike a nuclear powered ship, and there would be no radiation hazard at all from any mishaps during launch. The positron reactor would also be much less complicated than a nuclear reactor, and thus reliability would be greater: less to go wrong with it.

It is good that NASA is looking into alternate means of powering its spaceships, and rather exciting to think that spaceships in the not too distant future may have the same power source that the fictional Starship Enterprise enjoyed. And of course if Harold “Sonny” White’s experiments work out, the antimatter drive NASA’s working on might wind up powering his warp engine.

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Orthodontics

Some of my less pleasant memories of growing up are my years of wearing braces. I was glad that I had them. I understood at the time just how critically necessary they were. I was, in fact, thankful for the privilege, even though I had to have four teeth extracted to make room for the rearranged teeth. Nevertheless, getting and having braces was not much fun.

Modern orthodontia has largely eliminated the need to removing teeth. So when my children got braces, their experience was much less painful and much less traumatic than mine. And while I had problems, early on, with my lips turning sore and hamburger-like from the drool, my daughters were spared that painful embarrassment as well. Nevertheless, my children would never call having braces a good time.

I have three daughters. And all three of them needed braces. This seems remarkable to me when I calculate the odds. Yes, I needed braces growing up, and my mom before me needed them. But all three of my daughters are adopted. All three of them came from different biological families. I would have bet that at least one of them would have been born with straight, well-fitting teeth. And I would have lost the bet.

So I have three daughters. The oldest got braces when she was in elementary school; the middle daughter got them about the same age, and finally the youngest, likewise, got braces as soon as the orthodontist said that she must.

We have excellent medical, dental and eye care insurance. It covers just about anything one can imagine. We pay nothing out of pocket for eye exams or glasses. We pay nothing for ordinary dental care, and we pay but a twenty dollar copay each time we visit a doctor.

But when it comes to orthodontic work, our insurance paid nothing. Thus, for the three years each of our three daughters needed braces, we had to fork over the money out of our own bank account.

My oldest got her braces off when she went to high school. The same happened to the middle daughter. And when my youngest finished eighth grade, the orthodontist removed her braces at last.

She was overjoyed. I was ecstatic. Not only was the financial burden of the braces finally at an end, so were the endless trips to see the orthodontist. I was so very tired of making the monthly trek to his office—and for a period of time, when all three were in braces, sometimes three treks per month.

Still, it was worth it. Not only do the braces make their smiles look better, there is a practical reason for the orthodontia: their teeth and gums will be healthier over the remainder of their lives. Not only did the wearing of braces force them to get into the habit of rigorous care of their teeth, it also pretty much eliminated any fear of the dentist for them. They’ve endured about as much discomfort over the years that anyone can experience from someone working on their teeth. Besides that, with their teeth straight and properly arranged, it will be easier for them to keep their teeth clean and healthy. Teeth that are misaligned and overlapping are simply harder to care for.

Although the time spent wearing braces may have some negative impact on self-esteem, it is relatively short lived. In contrast, having perfectly aligned teeth and beautiful smiles in high school and beyond should have a rather positive impact on them.

And frankly, braces are very common on children now. A sizable percentage of their classmates in middle school were similarly ensconced in braces. And unlike the braces I endured, modern braces are almost cool. For one thing, they are no longer just silver metal; now they are often plastic, and come in a range of bright and cheerful colors. I was constantly amazed at their smiles after a visit, when their mouths would glow pink, sometimes blue, and occasionally green or red. They seemed to like it.

But they like being free of their braces better.

Of course, for a time after the braces came off, my children had to wear retainers. For the first month after the braces came off, they had to wear them all the time, twenty-four hours a day. After that, it was only at night, while they slept.

I remember a similar routine after I had completed my suffering. I didn’t much like my retainer: it resembled a pink crustacean with metal legs. But I dutifully wore it every day and night through high school and even through my years at college. I stopped wearing it sometime after I left college and have not missed it in the slightest.

Modern retainers no longer look like a monster that might appear in a J.J. Abrams feature film. Instead, they are simple, clear plastic. They remain remarkably easy to lose or break, but at least they no longer inspire nightmares. And the fact that my youngest will not have to wear it at school means that she is less likely to lose it, since she won’t be removing it and hiding it in a napkin while she eats—and potentially dumping it in the trash afterwards. I remember coming close to that on more than one occasion over the years.

So, for now, at last, my lifelong interaction with braces is over, both for me and my children. It has been a long time coming. I hope to never see the inside of an orthodontist’s office ever again.

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Surveyor Program

Between 1966 and 1968, NASA launched seven unmanned spacecraft toward the moon. Two of them crashed, but five of them successfully landed on the lunar surface. Managed and operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, they were designed to show that it was possible to soft-land something on the moon, paving the way for human beings to follow. Until Surveyors got there, no one knew for sure if it was even possible for people to stand on the moon: was the surface solid? Or was it buried in soft dust miles thick that would swallow up man and machine?

Unlike the manned Apollo spaceships, the Surveyors did not go into orbit around the moon before landing. Like current unmanned ships to Mars, they took a direct route. Hurtling toward the moon, they fired their retrorockets for landing barely three minutes before they would otherwise smash into the surface. The first attempt, Surveyor 1, on June 2, 1966—forty-five years ago now—became the first American space probe to land on another world. It landed in the Sea of Storms, the same place where the Russians had previously landed a probe.

The Russians had beaten us to the moon with an unmanned probe by three months. Their Luna 9 probe had become the first craft to ever land somewhere beyond Earth. The Luna 9 probe had touched down on February 3. But it survived only three days. During its brief life, it transmitted a total of 9 images, including 5 panoramas of the lunar surface.

In contrast, the Surveyor 1 continued transmitting information to Earth for seven months, from its landing on June 2 until it finally stopped working on January 7, 1967. It sent over 11,000 images of the lunar surface back to the scientists in Pasadena.

The next American probe, Surveyor 2 failed to decelerate and crashed into the moon on September 20, 1966. It was followed by Survey 3, which landed once again in the Sea of Storms region of the moon. It managed to send back only around 6300 pictures of the moon’s surface. The rocks near its landing site were very reflective and had confused the lunar descent radar, so the engines didn’t shut off like they were supposed to. As a result, Surveyor 3 bounced twice on the lunar surface. The first bounce sent it back up 35 feet, while the second bounce sent it 11 feet. The bouncing damaged the camera slightly. Then, after the extreme cold and darkness of the first lunar night shut the solar powered craft down, it never woke up again.

Surveyor 3 was the first spacecraft to be equipped with a mechanical scoop, which allowed it to dig into the lunar soil and to perform some simple analysis.

Surveyor 3 stands out from the other seven Surveyor missions because the second manned landing on the moon, Apollo 12, purposely landed within about six hundred feet of Surveyor 3 on November 19, 1969. Pete Conrad and Alan L. Bean were the astronauts aboard that Lunar Module (with Conrad becoming the third man to walk on the moon, followed by Bean as the fourth). Conrad and Bean remain the only people to have ever caught up to and touched one of our robotic spacecraft on another world. So close had they landed, the Surveyor probe was coated with dust blown up by their Lunar Module’s descent engine. Conrad and Bean carefully examined the probe and photographed it. They also removed several pieces from it, including its television camera, which they brought back with them to Earth. Surveyor 3’s camera is now on display in the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC.

In 2009 the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (launched on June 18, 2009), an American satellite still in operation in orbit around the moon, extensively photographed the Surveyor 3 landing site. Besides imaging the Surveyor probe, it imaged the descent stage of the Apollo 12 lunar lander. Even the astronauts’ foot prints can be seen around the two vehicles. With no air, wind, rain or running water on the moon, those footprints should remain visible for thousands of years.

Following Surveyor 3, four more attempts to land Surveyor probes followed. The next attempt came on July 14, 1967, but it crashed. After that, however, there were nothing but successful landings. Surveyor 5 reached the Sea of Tranquility on September 11, 1967, Surveyor 6 reached Sinus Medii (Bay of the Center) on November 10, 1967 and the last Surveyor touched down near the crater Tycho on January 10, 1968. During Christmastime of that same year, Apollo 8 took three astronauts to the moon, where they circled ten times in orbit and returned safely. The next year, on July 20, human beings at last walked upon the soil where the five successful Surveyors had blazed a trail.

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The Telescope

The telescope is one of those items that people both rarely think about and take entirely for granted. 2008 was the 400th anniversary of its invention in 1608. When Columbus sailed the ocean blue, he didn’t have a spyglass to help him find land. It is younger than the printing press and the Protestant Reformation.

The technology that makes a telescope appears in such everyday items as binoculars, the telephoto lenses in cameras, and even in spy satellites. The planets Uranus and Neptune (among other things) had never even been imagined and would still be unknown were it not for the invention of the telescope. Oddly, we might still imagine that the sun revolves around the Earth instead of the other way around if it weren’t for the telescope—and chances are, there would never have been a space program: so no weather satellites to warn us of hurricanes, no GPS satellites to tell us where to go, and no communications satellites or satellite TV.

Lenses had existed for centuries, but until the 17th century, no one had thought of putting them together, one in front of another, creating what is today called a refracting telescope.

Hans Lippershey was credited with creating and disseminating the design for the first practical telescope. He applied to the States General of the Netherlands on October 2, 1608 for a patent that was subsequently denied. Lippershey’s device only magnified objects by three times. Almost immediately, telescopes were manufactured in large numbers and quickly spread all over Europe.

Galileo, the famous scientist, heard about the “Dutch perspective glass” in May 1609 while he was visiting Venice. Galileo wrote that he solved the problem of how to construct a telescope the first night after his return to Padua and he put together his first telescope the very next day. He then demonstrated his instrument to Leonardo Donato in Venice in the senate, who then set him for life in his lectureship at Padua.

Galileo quickly improved his telescope design, vastly increasing its magnifying power so that by 1610 he had an instrument that could magnify 33 times. With this instrument, he discovered four of the moons of Jupiter, saw the phases of Venus, sunspots on the sun, and mountains and craters on the moon. His discovery of the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter confirmed Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the solar system instead of the Earth.

It was Galileo’s instrument that was first given the name “telescope” by an unidentified Greek poet and theologian present at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi when Galileo was made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei, an Italian science academy in Rome. Thus, despite the fact that Lippershey is the actual inventor of the refracting telescope, it came to be called a Galilean Telescope.

Refracting telescopes like Galileo’s are not the most common astronomical instruments today. They suffered from several problems. Their lenses can only be made so large before they become too heavy to be held in a tube without deforming. Therefore, the largest refractor ever made is the one at the Yerkes Observatory; it is barely 40 inches across. Refracting telescopes also have trouble with aberration: that is, just as a prism splits light into colors, so a lens will tend to do that as well.

Therefore, refracting telescopes came to be generally replaced by a form that could be made considerably larger and cheaper without the color splitting problem: the reflecting telescope. Reflecting telescopes use a large curved mirror to do the same thing that a lens does. The ability of curved mirror to magnify and form images had been known for quite some time and in 1616 Niccolo Zucchi, an Italian Jesuit astronomer and physicist, produced the first telescope using a curved mirror instead of a lens. It was not the most practical instrument, since the observer had to look at the mirror and thus blocked part of the image with his head. Still, Zucchi was able to use it to discover the belts of Jupiter in 1630.

In 1672 Sir Isaac Newton devised a more practical form of reflecting telescope by adding a small flat diagonal mirror to reflect the light from the curved mirror up to a eyepiece mounted on the side of the telescope. This design for a reflecting telescope is still in use today and is called a Newtonian telescope.

A modification of Newton’s design was made by Laurent Cassegrain in 1672. He drilled a hole in the center of the curved mirror, and then placed a smaller mirror at the place where the curved mirror focused the light, directing that light back down and through the center hole to where the eyepiece was then affixed. These sorts of reflecting telescopes are now called Cassegrain telescopes. This is the most common design of all large astronomical instruments today (with modifications by several later scientists, such as Schmidt, Maksutov, Rictchey, and Chretein). Notable examples of Cassegrain telescopes include the famous 200 inch Hale reflector on Mt. Palomar in California, the giant Keck Telescopes in Hawaii (twin telescopes 394 inches in diameter), and the Hubble Space Telescope (94 inches in diameter) in orbit around the Earth.

One issue that ground based instruments suffered from since their invention was the distortion caused by the atmosphere on Earth: what makes stars seem to twinkle when you look at them at night. As a result, telescopes have been built on mountains where the weather and air are as stable and thin as possible, or in the case of Hubble, placed in space above the atmosphere. But in the 1990s a new technology, borrowed from the military, came into use known as adaptive optics. It works by measuring the distortions in the air with a laser and then compensating for that distortion by rapid changes of actuators applied to a deformable mirror or to a liquid crystal array filter. This allows ground based instruments to filter out the distortions caused by the air and allows them to see nearly as clearly as the Hubble Space Telescope—and in some instances better. However, the Hubble and its sister space scopes (such as the Spitzer) have advantages that can’t be overcome in any other way: they can see in wavelengths of light that are otherwise filtered out by the Earth’s atmosphere.

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Summer

When I was in school, it was not uncommon for teachers to assign an essay on the question of “What did you do this summer?” as one of our first assignments. For that matter, we’d ask this sort of question of each other. But nowadays, there’s nothing to tell. Our buddies know everything we’ve been doing, unless their home computers and cell phones are busted, thanks to the advent of Facebook and other social networking sites. Not only do we share everything we do, however mundane, we include photographs that we took with our phones as it happened.

Personally, I love Facebook and email, texting and Twitter. I wish it had existed way back when I was a kid. In the old days, the only time you’d hear from your high school or college friends would be at reunions every ten or twenty years. The day I graduated from high school, my father warned me sadly that I should look carefully and think hard about everything and everyone on that day, because I’d never see any of them ever again. He spoke from experience. And indeed, I’ve never had any contact with anyone that I went to high school with ever again.

Thanks to Facebook, however, I’ve reconnected with several people from my college days. Had Facebook existed back in the dark ages, we’d never have fallen out of each other’s lives in the first place. Perhaps there would have been a few people I’d have been happy never to see again, but for the most part, staying in contact would have been a good thing.

In contrast, my children use Facebook, Tumblr, and Instagram. They text each other constantly. They are always connected to everyone they have ever known. I suspect that the only way they will ever lose contact with their friends is if they consciously choose to.

And I think that’s wonderful.

Computers have brought people closer together. If it weren’t for computers, I wouldn’t ever have started writing books for Quarto, a company in London. They’d have never heard of me and I’d have never heard of them. Thanks to the computer, my editors and I could exchange files and make necessary changes and corrections nearly instantly. The writing of a book is an international collaboration; I can cross an ocean faster than I can cross my office. Thanks to computers, it doesn’t matter where I live, or where the publisher is.

Three summers ago we had a foreign exchange student visit us from France for three weeks. At the time, she was fifteen years old; she had a great time. She remarked on how everything she saw in California reminded her of TV shows and movies—even our house, the way it looks in our suburban subdivision. Her first thought on her arrival was, “I’m in the house in Desperate Housewives!”

The tour group she was a part of took her to see most of the typical tourist sites, such as Universal Studios and Magic Mountain. We also made a point to take her to places that her group didn’t visit. My oldest daughter had a summer internship in the corporate offices of Guess that summer. So we took Lea to visit. We ate lunch in the Wolfgang Puck Grill on the corporate campus, then took her to shop in the corporate store so she could enjoy the substantial discounts available there. She happily contributed in a positive way to the American trade balance. Guess clothing is much cheaper in the U.S. than in France, and in the corporate store, she paid as much for the designer label clothing as she would have spent buying the cheapest no-name brands at Walmart.

We also took her up to see the Hollywood sign: not as most tourists see it, but up as close as you can get, within hiking distance. In fact, it wasn’t legal for us to get any closer to it than we did. We also took her to see Vasquez Rocks, a tumble of rock formations that are part of the San Andreas Fault. They frequently appear in westerns and in episodes of Star Trek—for instance the episode from the original series where Captain Kirk fights the Gorn, a reptilian alien that he finally bests when he makes gunpowder, stuffs it in a hollow log, and blasts him with rocks. Vasquez Rocks also served as a stand in for Vulcan during the first of J.J. Abrams’ new Star Trek movie. But Lea didn’t recognize them from TV or movies. Instead, she told us she’d seen them in one of her brother’s video games, Grand Theft Auto.

She told us she doesn’t much care for French food; instead, she’d rather eat American style food. In fact, one of her goals was to eat hot dogs, which she did at every opportunity. The only uniquely French behavior we witnessed from her—besides speaking French when she was with her fellow students from the tour—was when we took her to a nice restaurant just before she left for home. She ordered a cheeseburger, but then proceeded to eat it with her fork and knife. She said that at fast food places like In-and-Out, it was fine to eat with her hands. But in a restaurant, she said it felt funny to eat that way. In France, she never uses her hands to eat–unless she’s at a McDonalds.

Since she left, we have remained in contact with her on Facebook; unlike most of the exchange students we had in the past, we’ll never lose contact. In fact, we first got to know her on Facebook, even before she arrived. And thanks to all of that, she and her parents invited my oldest daughter to come stay with her in France the following summer, which my daughter did. She had a great time and got to practice the two years of French she’d taken in High School.

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Space Legends

One of the more amusing urban legends relates to the space pen. According to the story, during the space race back in the 1960’s, NASA needed a pen that would write in the zero gravity of space. Without gravity, the pens simply wouldn’t function—think about what happens when you try to write with a pen upside down. So NASA gathered their best engineers and put them to work. After hundreds of hours and millions of dollars, they finally came up with a solution: the “Space Pen.”

The Russians, of course, had a similar problem with pens not writing in zero gravity. They pondered a few moments and hit on a solution: they would use pencils in orbit instead.

It’s an amusing story which feeds our sense that the government can’t ever do anything simple, lacks basic common sense, and if it can waste money, it will. Unfortunately for the humor and message of the story, nothing like this ever happened. In reality, the Fisher Pen Company back in 1965 decided to develop what they eventually called the Space Pen. It took them awhile, and an unknown amount of the company’s money, but they finally came up with a pressurized pen that would work upside down.. They began selling them to the public for one dollar and ninety-eight cents. Then the contacted NASA to see if they were interested in using the pens, the Fisher Pen Company’s hope being that they could then advertize their new writing instrument as “used by NASA” and that had it had “actually flown in space.”

NASA turned them down flat and vetoed all their advertising hopes. NASA wanted nothing to do with the Fisher Space Pen. Throughout the Mercury and Gemini programs which preceded the Apollo program, NASA’s astronauts, like their Russian counterparts, simply used pencils. They worked just great.

Eventually, however, , during later Apollo and Skylab missions NASA did decide to buy and use some of the Fisher pens, since they discovered they worked in the cold of space; being metal, they would retain their heat for awhile and keep working. Also, NASA started worrying about the dangers associated with bits of pencil lead floating around in the cabin if a pencil point happened to snap. So the Fisher Pen Company finally got the advertising campaign they had hoped for. But, although NASA did finally wind up using pens in space, they got them cheap, over the counter, and didn’t pay a cent for their development.

One of the things that gets taxpayers riled are the seemingly excessive prices for common things that the space program or the military uses, such as toilet seats. On the surface, it seems nonsensical to pay hundreds of dollars for something that anyone could pick up at a hardware store for twenty bucks. But there is a reason that things can wind up costing the government more than you or I would ever spend.

The reason that many consumer items are as cheap as they are is because they are produced in enormous quantities. The military, by contrast, may need a very specialized item, designed to fit in a specific sized space, and they only need two dozen of them. Two dozen handmade specially designed parts are going to cost way more than their mass produced generic counterparts.

It happens with the cost of military aircraft and other military machines, too. The B-2 stealth bomber has been criticized for costing a billion dollars per aircraft. Of course, that billion dollar price estimate includes the years of research and development that preceded it’s manufacture. Once the things started coming off the assembly line, their per unit cost was really not that much more than for any other aircraft. The workers on Northrop’s assemblyline were not being paid any differently than such workers anywhere else in the aircraft building industry. And then Congress decided to let them only build about twenty-two of the things. Rather short-sighted, given that the bulk of the cost of the B-2 had already been spent by that time. Building the things was not where the majority of the expense had been.
Same thing happens with spaceships. NASA ordered a total of only five space shuttles. They didn’t exactly order in bulk, so they didn’t get the bulk rate. As always, most of the expense of making spaceships came from the research and design; the people that built them were paid the same hourly wage that Boeing was paying people to build 747s. But 747s cost a lot less than Space Shuttles, simply because Boeing makes hundreds of them. Imagine how much a car would cost if GM only made five every few years.

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Planetary Resources

My interest in astronomy and all things space goes back to at least the age of four. I read my first science fiction book when I was in third grade. In many of the early science fiction stories asteroid miners, or “belters” scratched out a perilous existence on the hunks of rock between Mars and Jupiter. Gold and silver prospectors had been common in the old westerns and the science fiction authors had simply taken those old tropes and put them out in space.

With the advent of the twenty-first century many aspects of our lives match what we imagined from the Walt Disney broadcasts of the 1960s. But we’ve also suffered the disappointment of not having flying cars and not being able to vacation on the moon.

Every so often, however, something happens that raises the hope that the visions we had of tomorrow might actually be coming to pass.

On April 24, 2012 a new corporation announced its existence: a corporation that plans to do what until that moment had merely been the imaginings of science fiction authors and their readers. Planetary Resources has announced its intention to mine asteroids. In the long term they believe that by creating this new industry, they will wind up contributing trillions of dollars to the Gross Domestic Product. As they explained, their goal is to “expand Earth’s natural resource base.”

One’s first inclination might be to laugh, imagining that such a corporation was some eccentric’s pipedream, with as little hope of achieving its goals as a cow has of leaping over the moon. But it turns out that what the company intends to do is not only technologically possible, their expectations of being wildly profitable are also reasonable.

And the people involved in this new corporation are not wild-eyed dreamers—or should I say, not just wild-eyed dreamers. They are billionaires with the drive and the financial resources to make their dreams happen.

There is Larry Page, CEO and founder of Google, along with Eric Schmidt, Executive Chairman of Google. Charles Simonyi is another investor. He was at Microsoft Corporation from 1981 to 2002, where he was Director of Application Development, Chief Architect, and Distinguished Engineer. While at Microsoft, Simonyi hired and managed teams that developed Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and other software applications. He has twice visited the International Space Station. Ross Perot, Jr, whose father ran for president, serves as Chairman of The Perot Group, which manages the various Perot family interests that include real estate, oil and gas and financial investments. Additional investors include K. Ram Shriram, CEO and founder of Sherpalo, Rena Shulsky David, president and CEO of Shire Realty; Raymie Stata, entrepreneur and former Chief Technology Officer of Yahoo! and Kimberly Sweidy; and John C. Whitehead, former Chair and CEO of Goldman Sachs and 9th U.S. Deputy Secretary of State.

The co-chairmen of the corporation are Peter H. Diamandis and Eric C. Anderson. Peter H. Diamandis is an international pioneer in the commercial space arena, having founded and run many of the leading entrepreneurial companies in the sector. He is Chairman and CEO of the X PRIZE Foundation, best known for its $10 million Ansari X PRIZE for private spaceflight. He is also the Executive Chairman of Singularity University based in Silicon Valley. Eric C. Anderson is an entrepreneur and aerospace engineer who has pioneered the creation of the commercial human spaceflight industry since its inception. He is involved in a portfolio of innovative technology and spaceflight companies, including Intentional Software Corporation, Space Adventures, Ltd., and Planetary Power, Inc.

The president and Chief Engineer for Planetary Resources is Chris Lewicki, a project manager with NASA who worked on NASA’s Mars Exploration Rovers and the Phoenix Mars Lander. Chris Voorhees, Vice President, Spacecraft Development, has played an integral role in both the Mars Exploration Rover and Mars Science Laboratory projects for NASA.

Those who have invested in and who manage Planetary Resources have the finances and skill set to actually accomplish what they have dreamed. They understand the risks. They understand that full scale asteroid mining will take many years to achieve.

Some critics denounce the project, arguing that it is foolish and impossible. Others decry it as a waste of money: “why don’t they give their money to the poor.”

But if this corporation is successful, the poor will benefit far more than if they were simply given a wad of cash. If successful, Planetary Resources will create jobs and the American economy will grow. Jobs will be created. Consumer goods, medical technology, and commodities will become less expensive. And more will then be collected in taxes, and more will be donated to charities.

I wonder, frequently, at the general lack of knowledge about economics among those who criticize this sort of thing. The money invested in space is not being loaded into barrels and shot into orbit. It gets paid in salaries right here on Earth. The profits made will not get stuffed in mattresses. The rich do not use dollar bills for toilet paper. Profits go into research, and what gets invested gets used by other businesses, to create more jobs, more products, and more profits. It is, after all, the rich, whether individuals or corporations, small or large, who give most of us our paychecks and make possible most of the goods and services we take for granted.

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Pilgrims

In remembering the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock, from whom we derive the tradition of celebrating Thanksgiving each November here in America, we have mostly images derived from our grade school plays, cartoons on television, and similar sorts of legends. Rarely do we consider the reality of those early Pilgrims, how they lived, how they organized and conducted their lives in the new frontier.

It has been proposed that when we first send people to Mars, we should send them as colonists like the Pilgrims, rather than as explorers like the first twelve men to walk on the moon. Our lunar explorations were short trips, designed to get people on the surface of our nearest neighbor and back again. Some scientists have suggested that when it comes to Mars, we should think more like the Pilgrims and less like the Apollo program. The Mars One concept is designed to do just that.

When the Pilgrims came to America, they were planning on staying for the rest of their lives. They had no intention of ever returning to their homeland in England. They arrived with their families, their few belongings and supplies they could pack into their sailing ships, and they settled down to start new lives and begin a new civilization.

The Pilgrims in America faced many hardships: disease, deprivation, harsh winters, shortages of food. But they also faced the sorts of problems that any human civilization will face. The founders of the colony were separatists and Anglicans who were fleeing religious persecution and were searching for a place to worship as they saw fit. Keep in mind that they did not intend to establish religious freedom. They wanted freedom to worship as they wished, but they would quickly persecute anyone who dared worship differently than them.

Despite the fact that the Pilgrims who arrived in 1620 upon the shores of what would become Massachusetts were pious, religious people, they were still people. They had to find a way to govern themselves; they had to set up rules and regulations, establish courts and render punishments to those who behaved in ways that the colonists believed caused danger to their society. The court documents of the colony describe a variety of problems, ranging from theft to adultery and rape. Punishments consisted of flogging, the stocks or even hanging. The colony was established in 1620 and was disestablished in 1691. The population when they arrived in 1620 was only 99 people; by the end, when it was absorbed into the larger Massachusetts Bay Colony the population had grown to over 7000.

On January 20, 1632, only twelve years after the founding of the colony, the court records show (spelling and grammar have been left as they appear in the original document):

Robt Barker, serv[ant] of John Thorp, complayned of his m[aster] for want of clothes. The complaint being found to be just, it was ordered that Thorp should either forthw[ith] doth apparrell him, or else make over his time to some other that was able to provide for him.

At the time, the population of the Plymouth Colony was barely 300 people. In the following decades, we find people regularly being tried and convicted of homosexual acts, sex with animals, and adultery. Punishments usually consisted of flogging, while adulterers were additionally required to wear a badge prominently on their clothing for the rest of their lives with the letters AD to indicate that they had been found guilty of adultery. For instance, on December 7, 1641, when the population of the colony was around 2000 people, the court decided:

Forasmuch, as Thomas Bray, of Yarmouth, a single person, and Anne, the wyfe of Francis Linceford, haue committed the act of adultery and vncleanesse, and haue diuers tymes layne in one bed together in the absence of her husband, which hath beene confessed by both parties in the publike Court, the Court doth censure them as followeth: That they be both seuerely whipt immediately at the publik post, [and] that they shall weare (whilst they remayne in the gouernment) two letters, namely, an AD, for Adulterers, daily, vpon the outside of their vppermost garment, in a most emenent place thereof; and if they shalbe found at any tyme in any towne or place within the gouerment without them so worne vpon their vppermost garment as aforesaid, that then the constable of the towne or place shall take them, or wither of them, omitting so to weare the said two letters, and shall forthwith whip them for their negligence, and shall cause them to be immediately put on againe, and so worne by them and either of them; and also that they shalbe both whipt at Yarmouth, publikly, where the offence was committed, in such fitt season as shalbe thought meete by Mr. Edmond Freeman [and] such others as are authorized for the keepeing of the Courts in these partes.

Nathanial Hawthorn’s The Scarlet Letter is based on reality, after all. The people who came to Plymouth Rock were ordinary men and women, little different than the human beings we come in contact with every day. What makes them remarkable were their circumstances and what resulted from their humble beginnings, and those of the other colonies up and down the eastern coast of North America

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